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- Preparation Tips for Hard Drives and NetWare 286 2.1x
-
- By Mickey Applebaum
- Wasatch Education Systems/NetWire Sysop
-
- When you are considering the purchase of a computer for use as a
- NetWare file server you are faced with many decisions. One of
- the most important is what type of hard drive and controller to
- use. There are many different types of hard drives and
- controllers available today for the computer buyer to be aware
- of. The January/February issue of NetWare Connection discussed
- these different hard drive technologies as used by various
- NetWare versions. When you purchase the particular drive
- technology you want to use you'll want to know how to make the
- best use of it. This article explains how to prepare different
- drive types for use with NetWare 286 to get that best use.
-
- Preparing drives involves two steps: doing a low-level format and
- preparing a NetWare-readable drive identification stamp. For some
- drive types, this process also includes enabling some type of
- sector translation.
-
- Formatting Drives with Novell's COMPSURF
-
- Every version of 286-based NetWare includes a disk preparation
- utility called COMPSURF. This utility provides a disk format
- routine and a comprehensive surface analysis program. In early
- releases of NetWare, prior to 286 2.10, COMPSURF was the only way
- to prepare a drive for NetWare and ensure that all potentially
- damaged areas of the disk surface were locked out. Today's newer
- disk technologies, however, offer other alternatives. Now you
- should only use COMPSURF's format routine to format drives
- attached to a disk coprocessor board (DCB).
-
- The COMPSURF routine checks first for a BIOS-defined drive type
- and then for a DCB. If COMPSURF doesn't find the drive type or a
- DCB, it will revert to a basic low-level format routine that
- polls the disk for the number of cylinders, sectors, and heads
- and then formats all available cylinders. Small computer system
- interface (SCSI) drives, enhanced small disk interface (ESDI)
- drives, and integrated drive electronics (IDE) drives embed
- specific information on protected tracks on the disk. Running
- COMPSURF on these drives can result in anything from inconvenient
- problems to physical damage to the drive itself.
-
- Because COMPSURF does not recognize that certain data must be
- maintained on the protected tracks, it overwrites this data. The
- data contained on the protected tracks may be nothing more than
- the manufacturer's Bad Block table, or it could be as critical as
- the track skewing factors and internal translation algorithms.
- Track skewing is a technique where the low level format offsets
- the first sector of a track by at least one sector compared to
- the previous track. This allows the drive to read from track to
- track in a single continuous operation without having to wait for
- the disk to make a full revolution to get to the first sector on
- the next track. Translation algorithms are disk embedded sector
- translation formulas which the disk controller uses to enable
- sector translation. This is used to keep the drive's logical
- number of sectors below the DOS compatible partition limit of
- 1024 cylinders.
-
- Early signs of problems were seen on the IBM PS/2 ESDI drives
- when COMPSURF erased the IBM manufacturer's ID stamp and the
- system's REFERENCE disk could not identify the drive type.
-
- Formatting Drives with Third-Party Utilities
-
- To avoid these problems, you should use the utilities provided
- with the computer, the drive, or the host/controller to low-level
- format your hard drives. For drives that are provided with value-
- added disk drives (VADDs) as part of the utilities (such as the
- Storage Dimensions LANStor drives), using these low-level
- programs produces a NetWare-ready stamp, and no further disk
- preparation work is needed. On other disks, such as ESDI drives
- attached to Western Digital's 1007 controller, you may need to
- run COMPSURF to stamp the disk NetWare ready.
-
- To prepare hard drives attached to standard AT-type disk
- controllers, you must access the disk preparation utility. Most
- drives are provided with Disk Manager from On-Track or SpeedStor
- from Storage Dimensions. You can use these utilities to do the
- low-level format and surface analysis. Then run COMPSURF on the
- drive. Answer "No" or "0" to the menu choices until COMPSURF
- prompts you to confirm the previous answers. Answer "Yes" to
- invoke the track 0 test and provide the disk with a NetWare-
- readable Bad Block table and ID stamp.
-
- This process will work with any standard AT-type disk controller
- that uses a BIOS drive type identifier. Some of the newer AT disk
- controllers do not use the Industry Standards Association disk
- controller (ISADISK) command set or have different register
- functions. These controllers make it difficult to prepare the
- drive for NetWare.
-
- Preparing ESDI Drives
-
- The new ESDI sector translation controllers, which emulate an AT-
- type controller, must be prepared in a slightly different
- fashion. To prepare the drive with the low-level format and
- surface analysis options from the controller's BIOS formatter
- routine, you use the DEBUG program from DOS. If you are using a
- Western Digital 1007V controller and the default memory address
- jumper setting, you would invoke the formatter by issuing the
- following command at the DEBUG program's prompt ( - ):
-
- G=CC00:5
-
- Details on preparing a drive with the Western Digital 1007V ESDI
- controller are available on NetWire in the WD1007.TXT file
- (Available in the data libraries on NetWire's NOVA forum). The
- concepts explained in this file apply to any ESDI controller that
- emulates a standard AT-type controller using the ISADISK drivers.
-
-
- After completing the low-level format and surface tests, you must
- run COMPSURF. Answer "No" or "0" to all of the menu choices until
- COMPSURF prompts you if the chosen parameters are correct. Answer
- "Yes" to invoke the track 0 test option, which creates a NetWare-
- readable Bad Block table and puts a NetWare ID stamp on the
- drive.
-
- Some drives are exceptions: ESDI controllers that use VADDs to
- operate in a NetWare environment include the CORE ESDI drives and
- the Storage Dimensions LAN E series drives. The Adaptec 2322b
- controller has some limitations in its sector translation
- abilities. Patches developed to circumvent the problems are
- available on NetWire (see the 2322.TXT and 2322PT.ARC files in
- data library 14 on NOVA).
-
- Preparing SCSI drives not attached to a DCB is the same as
- preparing ESDI drives, except that most SCSI host adapters do not
- invoke sector translation because their VADDs usually deal with
- the NetWare interface. Low-level functions for each SCSI drive
- are defined differently, but most are invoked through a software
- utility. Again, the need to run COMPSURF to provide a NetWare ID
- stamp depends on the preparation utility used.
-
- SCSI drives attached to a Novell/ADIC DCB require slightly
- different preparation. Manufacturers usually low-level format
- these drives. Some manufacturers also format and surface test
- SCSI hard drives for use with a DCB. If the instructions for your
- drive specify that you do not need to run COMPSURF, do not
- complete the following instructions.
-
- If your drive has not been set to interface with a DCB, the first
- step is to ensure that the drive is jumpered to disable parity
- and to enable internal termination power. If these are not set
- correctly, you may receive the message that the COMPSURF and
- NETGEN utilities could not find any drives.
-
- The next step is to run COMPSURF's surface analysis routine. In
- this case, you would select the option to format the hard disk.
- However, do not retain the Bad Block table, nor manually enter
- the bad block information. Then set the program to do one
- sequential surface test and the default number of I/O tests. You
- can specify additional surface or I/O tests, but it is time
- consuming.
-
- Formatting IDE Drives
-
- IDE drives, the latest technology in hard drives today, require
- special care and handling for use with NetWare. Mistakes can
- either reduce the capacity available or permanently damage the
- drive. Like SCSI drives, IDE drives have embedded controllers and
- information specific to that drive on protected tracks. IDE
- drives are also similar to ESDI drives: both drives have a level
- of sector translation built into their controllers. Because you
- use the standard ISADISK driver with these drives, you must use a
- BIOS drive table definition, which can severely limit the drive's
- usable capacity. Some drives now have more than 200MG available,
- but with the limitations of BIOS drive types, only 115MG can be
- defined.
-
- Due to these limitations in using IDE drives, some companies have
- produced preparation programs that can specifically handle the
- IDE drives in a NetWare environment. The most popular program is
- Disk Manager -N from On-Track Computer Systems, Inc. This program
- patches the NetWare disk drivers with the specific information
- about the drives so that NetWare can use disk's complete
- capacity. Disk Manager -N provides the drive ID stamp for NetWare
- and performs the comprehensive surface tests. Disk Manager -N can
- also patch ELS NetWare drivers for use with IDE and ESDI, as well
- as other nonstandard Industry Standards Association (ISA) channel
- disk drives.
-
- Manufacturers low-level format IDE drives. No routines are
- included to do a low-level format at a later date because track
- skewing and disk sectoring information must be stored directly on
- the disk. The manufacturers' intensive testing makes producing
- portable software to format the disk infeasible. As a result,
- running a program that does a low-level format on the drive, such
- as COMPSURF, could cause severe and permanent damage to this
- data, making the drive unrecognizable by its controller.
-
- Formatting IBM PS/2 Computers
-
- The disk preparation guidelines for IBM PS/2 computers are
- consistent among the PS/2 line regardless of whether you have the
- modified frequency modulation (MFM), ESDI, or new SCSI disk
- interfaces. Since the PS/2 computers use the drive to store
- information, this data must be maintained so the system will
- recognize the disk when Advanced Diagnostics or other REFERENCE
- disk utilities are run. To maintain this information, you should
- only use the REFERENCE disk's Advanced Diagnostics utilities to
- low-level format drives attached to a PS/2 disk interface.
-
- To access the Advanced Diagnostics menu, boot the computer with
- the working copy of the appropriate REFERENCE disk. When the main
- menu appears, press Control A. You will then have the option of
- doing the disk low-level format. This is one of the two available
- menu choices in the Advanced Diagnostics menu.
-
- The computer will do a low-level format of the disk and a
- complete read/write surface verification. A protected track
- routine stores the bad track information directly on the disk.
- The Bad Block table is read when the computer is booted. This
- process can take up to 12 hours per disk, depending on the size
- and condition of the disk. After this process is completed, you
- can run COMPSURF'S track 0 test. To run the track 0 test, answer
- "No" or "0" to the menu choices until COMPSURF prompts you to
- confirm the previous answer. This will put the Bad Block table
- and a NetWare ID stamp on the disk.
-
- If you are using the PS/2 model 30 as a file server and have
- installed a Seagate drive, you may have to use the M30PAT.ZIP
- patch from data library 8 on NOVA in NetWire. If your hard
- drive's primary identification marker has been removed by
- COMPSURF and you want to redo the low-level format, you will need
- to download the file FMTPS2.ARC from data library 8 on NOVA in
- NetWire. This file restores the primary defect list and rebuilds
- the protected track drive information.
-
- So, as you can see, there is no limit to the type of drive you
- can use with NetWare given the proper driver and a correct format
- procedure. This will allow you to have years of safe reliable
- operation from your file server's hard disk with the least amount
- of trouble.